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  • 1  Application of IoT technology-based hand hygiene smart cloud system in hand hygiene monitoring in neonatal department
    Bin LIU Xue-kui SU Hao-ran CHEN Sheng-hua SUN Lin CHENG Min WEI Yun SUN
    2023(9):1093-1100. DOI: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20234381
    [Abstract](68) [HTML](218) [PDF 1.08 M](197)
    Abstract:
    Objective To explore the application of hand hygiene (HH) smart cloud system based on Internet of things (IoT) technology in the monitoring of HH in neonatal department. Methods Staff in the neonatal department of a hospital were selected as the research objects. Data about HH compliance rate from May 2021 to June 2022 were collected using the HH smart cloud system and compared with data recorded using the "direct observation method" during the same period. The impact of the application of HH smart cloud system on staff's HH compliance and data authenticity were analyzed. Results After using the HH smart cloud system, HH compliance rate of medical staff was 89.76%, which was lower than 92.73% recorded using the direct observation method during the same period, with statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). When comparing the HH compliance rates obtained by the two monitoring methods for staff at different job positions, nurse's HH compliance rate monitored by the smart cloud system was lower than that observed directly, with statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). HH compliance rates monitored by the smart cloud system were lower than those observed directly before and after contact with patients, before clean aseptic procedures, differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). HH compliance rates monitored by HH smart cloud system during different working hours showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.01). Daily consumption of hand disinfectants monitored by HH smart cloud system was 39.16 mL per bed. Conclusion Using the HH smart cloud system to monitor the HH of medical staff can obtain real and effective data.
    2  Correction between hand hygiene product consumption and hand hygiene compliance in intensive care units of 74 medical institutions in Shanghai
    Hong-ping PAN Meng-ge HAN Qing-feng SHI Bi-jie HU Xiao-dong GAO
    2024, 23(3):291-297. DOI: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20243829
    [Abstract](96) [HTML](429) [PDF 1022.72 K](151)
    Abstract:
    Objective To understand the consumption of hand hygiene(HH) products and HH compliance in intensive care units (ICUs) of secondary and higher grade medical institutions (MIs) in Shanghai, and provide basis for further monitoring of HH among health care workers (HCWs). Methods Through healthcare-associated infection surveillance system, the consumption of HH products and HH compliance in ICUs from secondary and higher grade MIs in Shanghai in 2017-2021 were analyzed. Results 105 ICUs from 74 MIs were included in analysis, the average consumption of HH products was 79.24 (44.88-258.63) mL/(bed·day), with statistically significant difference among different types of ICUs (P < 0.001). The average consumption of HH products increased from 65.75 mL/(bed·day) in 2017 to 87.55 mL/(bed·day) in 2021, showing an increasing trend year by year (P < 0.001). HCWs' HH compliance rate was 82.13%, with the highest in nurses (86.59%) and the lowest (48.90%) in medical technicians, HH compliance rates of HCWs of different occupations were statistically significant different (P < 0.001). Among the implementation modes of HH, 39.86% used running water for hand washing, 42.27% used alcohol-based hand rub to wipe hands, 13.22% didn't take HH measures, and 4.65% didn't take HH mea-sures when wearing gloves, with statistically significant differences among different HH implementation modes of HCWs (P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between the average consumption of HH products per bed·day and HCWs' HH compliance rate (r=0.703, P < 0.05). Conclusion The average consumption of HH products per bed·day and HH compliance rate of HCWs in ICUs in Shanghai presents an increasing trend year by year. There are differences in the average consumption of HH products per bed· day and HH compliance rate among different types of ICUs. The implementation of HH can be evaluated by continuously surveillance on the average consumption of HH products per bed·day.
    3  Compliance and correctness of hand hygiene of health care workers in intensive care units of a tertiary first-class hospital
    Ming-jun ZOU Li TAN Min XU Chuan XU Kun TAN Xiao WANG
    2024, 23(3):298-304. DOI: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20244889
    [Abstract](113) [HTML](488) [PDF 924.32 K](185)
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    Objective To study the compliance and correctness of hand hygiene(HH) of staff in intensive care units (ICUs) of a tertiary first-class hospital, and provide theoretical basis for HH intervention. Methods In April 2023, staff in 17 ICUs of this hospital were performed on-site survey by infection control staff, and monitoring forms about HH compliance and correctness were filled out. Results A total of 874 HH opportunities were observed with the concealed observation method, 501 HH opportunities were implemented, the compliance rate was 57.32%, 273 HH opportunities were correctly implemented, with an correct rate of 54.49%. The compliance and correct rate of HH among staff in different ICUs varied significantly. Compliance and correct rates of HH among staff with different jobs were statistically different: HH compliance rate of cleaners (31. 97%) was lower than that of nurses (63. 83%), doctors (58.77%) and other personnel (58.14%); HH correct rate of cleaners (30.77%) was lower than that of nurses (58.17%). The causes for not implementing HH among staff with different jobs and at different HH opportunities were statistically different: the rate of not implementing any HH measures after contact with patients (84.75%) was higher than before contact with patients (41.27%), before clean and sterile manipulation (30.00%), as well as after contact with blood and body fluid (45.45%). The rate of not implementing any HH measures after contact with the patient's surrounding environment (66.67%) was higher than before contact with patient as well as before clean and sterile manipulation. The rates of incomplete HH steps and insufficient HH time among staff with different jobs were statistically different: The rates of incomplete HH steps of other personnel (82.35%) was higher than that of doctors (52.63%). The rates of insufficient HH time of doctors (82.46%) and nurses (78.18%) were higher than that of cleaners (51.85%). Conclusion The implementation of HH among different occupational groups and at different HH implementation opportunities in ICU is significantly different, which should be intervened based on their characteristics.
    4  Efficacy of "one before and five after" hand hygiene intervention among cleaning staff in medical institutions
    Yan LI Wen-bin HE Bi-long FENG Xiao-yan CHEN Xiao-lin CHENG Nuo CHEN Ying WANG
    2023(5):591-596. DOI: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20232308
    [Abstract](167) [HTML](426) [PDF 970.98 K](287)
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    Objective To explore the application effect of the "one before and five after" hand hygiene (HH) indicators in HH management of cleaning staff in medical institutions. Methods From December 2021 to January 2022, cleaning staff from a tertiary hospital were selected as the research subjects through convenience sampling method and randomly divided into three groups (control group, experimental group Ⅰ, and experimental group Ⅱ). The control group received training according to the World Health Organization (WHO) "two before and three after" HH indicators, while the experimental group Ⅰ received extensive training according to the "one before and five after" HH indicators, and the experimental group Ⅱ received precision training according to the "one before and five after" HH indicators. HH compliance rate, HH compliance rates for different indicators, and the distribution trend of HH moments among three groups of cleaning staff were compared. Results A total of 26 cleaning staff in the control group, 24 in the experimental group Ⅰ, and 18 in the experimental group Ⅱ were surveyed. HH compliance rates before training in the control group, experimental group Ⅰ, and experimental group Ⅱ were 31.30%, 27.18%, and 30.30%, respectively; and those after training were 43.11%, 59.26%, and 83.62%, respectively. After training, HH compliance rate of cleaning staff in experimental group Ⅱ significantly increased compared to before training, with a growth rate of 53.32% and statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). After training, HH compliance rate in experimental group Ⅱ was the highest (83.62%). The HH moment with the highest HH compliance rate of cleaning staff in experimental group Ⅰ was after unloading personal protective equipment (64.77%), and the lowest was before cleaning and disinfection (54.55%). Except after preparing tools, HH compliance rates of experimental group Ⅱ at other different HH moments after training were all higher than experimental group Ⅰ, differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). After training, the HH moment with the highest HH compliance rate of cleaning staff in experimental group Ⅱ was after the disposal of medical waste (90.72%), and the lowest was after the preparation of tools (78.33%). High frequency periods for HH behavior of cleaning staff were 6:00 a.m.-9:00 a.m and 3:00 p.m.-4:00 p.m. Conclusion The "one before and five after" HH indicator is more suitable for monitoring and training on HH compliance of cleaning staff in medical institutions than the "two before and three after" HH indicators. "one before and five after" HH precision training can effectively improve the HH compliance of cleaning staff in medical institutions.
    5  Impact of electronic monitoring system on hand hygiene compliance
    Rui-ting HUO Qiang SUN Hui HAN
    2021(11):1041-1046. DOI: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20217823
    [Abstract](145) [HTML](303) [PDF 864.90 K](225)
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    Objective To evaluate the impact of application of electronic monitoring system (EMS) on hand hygiene (HH) compliance of health care workers (HCWs). Methods "Health care workers", "electronic system", and "hand hygiene" were used as key words, Ovid, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, clinicaltrials.gov, China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), and Wangfang database were searched, effect and acceptability of EMS on HH compliance of HCWs were analyzed. Results 2 736 literatures were retrieved and 13 were included, 11 results showed that application of EMS could improve HH compliance, of which 9 studies detected an increase in the compliance rate ranging from 10% to 45%, 2 studies showed that the frequency of HH increased by 16.28 times and consumption of hand sanitizer increased by 2.215 liters respectively; the other study showed that the compliance rate decreased by 3.6%, and the compliance rate of one study basically did not change. The main reasons for HCWs' resistance to electronic system are infringement of privacy, impact on health and device defects. Conclusion Application of electronic system can improve the HH compliance of HCWs, but the potential impact of electronic system should be considered, in the future, effective implementation methods should be explored to correct the defects of electronic system and play a role to a greater extent.
    6  Hand hygiene monitoring indication of cleaners in medical institutions based on risk identification and cluster analysis
    Xiao-yan CHEN Ying WANG Wen-bin HE Bei WANG Bi-long FENG
    2022(2):147-152. DOI: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20221882
    [Abstract](112) [HTML](382) [PDF 1.06 M](303)
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    Objective To explore the indications and opportunities applicable for hand hygiene (HH) monitoring of cleaners in medical institutions through risk identification and clustering analysis method, provide tools and stan-dards for the monitoring of HH compliance of cleaners. Methods The workflow and behavior of 50 cleaners were observed anonymously by random sampling method, 10 experts were selected to judge the workflow, risk belts were defined with risk identification tools, HH indications were determined by cluster analysis. Results Risk scores of 17 types of work behavior of cleaners met the standard of cluster analysis and had HH indications, the highest risk score was mopping object surface of each bed, toilet, corridor, and so on in the ward one by one (4.50±0.53) as well as wiping the sink, handrail, wall, windowsill, and so on (4.50±0.53). Cluster analysis showed that tool preparation, cleaning and disinfection, personal protection, medical waste and environmental sorting were 5 main behavior nodes. After further inductive analysis, it is determined that HH indications of cleaners were "one before and five after", that is, before cleaning and disinfection, after preparing tools, after cleaning and disinfection, after taking off personal protective equipment, after transferring medical waste and after environmental sorting. Conclusion The establishment of "one before and five after" HH monitoring indication system for cleaners in medical institutions not only provides applicable quantitative reference indication for HH training of cleaners, but also provides a reference tool for monitoring and intervention of HH of cleaners.
    7  Effect of hand hygiene intervention on healthcare-associated case infection incidence from 2014 to 2022
    Jia-yan DING Rui-hong SHEN Wen-qin ZHOU Ya-yun YUAN Mei HUANG Ya YANG Bing-chao CAI Hai-qun BAN Xiao-fang FU
    2024, 23(2):208-213. DOI: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20244657
    [Abstract](102) [HTML](350) [PDF 1.18 M](251)
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    Objective To observe the effect of multi-modal hand hygiene (HH) intervention on HH compliance, as well as the relationship between HH compliance and the healthcare-associated (HA) case infection incidence. Methods From 2014 to 2022, the infection control team in a tertiary first-class hospital implemented multi-modal HH intervention for health care workers (HCWs). The changing trend of HH monitoring data, the correlation between HH compliance rate and HA case infection incidence were analyzed retrospectively. Results The consumption of HH products in the wards showed a stable upward trend; HH compliance rate increased from 64.98% in 2014 to 85.01% in 2022 (P<0.001), and HA case infection incidence decreased from 1.21% to 0.83% (P<0.05). HH compliance rate was negatively correlated with HA case infection incidence (r=-0.369, P=0.027). HH compliance rates in different regions and job posts in each quarter were increased (P<0.001). For 5 different HH moments in each quarter, HH compliance rate fluctuated slightly before sterile manipulation and after touching patient; presented rising trend after touching surroundings around patient, and decreased before touching patient and after touching patient's body fluid since 2020 (P<0.001). Conclusion Multi-modal HH intervention can improve the HH compliance of HCWs, improving their HH awareness is conducive to reducing HA case infection incidence.
    8  Conducting inservice education on hand hygiene and enhancing health care workers’ hand hygiene awareness
    WANG Zuoyan CHEN Fengying
    2013, 12(1):74-75. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-9638.2013.
    [Abstract](902) [HTML](0) [PDF 731.00 Byte](1439)
    Abstract:

    目的开展手卫生在职教育活动,强化医务人员手卫生意识,进一步规范医务人员手卫生的执行。方法对某院2011年12月在岗的工作人员开展以“预防院感,从手开始”为主题的在职教育活动。活动形式包括现场承诺签名,门诊、住院大厅设置宣传画展板,院内局域网上传学习手卫生知识及技能培训,洗手明星理论与操作竞赛。结果此次在职教育活动参加总人数达622人,包括医生、护士、药剂、检验、行政后勤人员等。评选出五星、四星、三星洗手明星科室(分别为1、2、3个)和个人(分别为5、10、15人),其中洗手为五星的明星科室是耳鼻咽喉科,5位五星的明星个人分别来自妇产科、烧伤泌尿外科、耳鼻咽喉科、骨科、功能科室。结论通过开展手卫生在职教育活动,使全院各级各类人员正确理解了手卫生规范要求,改变了错误的手卫生观念,营造出良好的手卫生氛围,使手卫生受到全员重视。

    9  Survey on handhygiene of clinical nurses in Xi’an hospitals
    LI Jun WANG Xiaoqing ZHANG Feng ZHANG Yongru FEI Yongshan LIU ping
    2011, 10(2):147-149.
    [Abstract](1502) [HTML](0) [PDF 831.00 Byte](2003)
    Abstract:

    目的了解西安市医院临床护理人员执行手卫生的效果及其影响因素,以促进手卫生质量的提高。方法按照《消毒技术规范》要求,对西安市部分专科门诊、综合医院、职工医院、三级甲等医院共116家医疗机构中从事临床护理工作的668名护理人员进行手卫生监测、比较。结果专科门诊、综合医院、职工医院、三级甲等医院临床护理人员手卫生合格率分别为67.69%(44/65)、87.50%(210/240)、71.92%(187/260)、86.41%(89/103),不同类型医院护理人员手卫生合格率差异有统计学意义(χ2=28.16,P<0.01)。不同科室中,手术室、产房护理人员手卫生合格率最高,分别为98.37%、96.15%,其次是儿科(84.48%)、内科(75.90%)、外科(69.54%)、妇产科(68.97%)、口腔科(53.97%)。结论不同医院和科室临床护理人员执行手卫生效果参差不齐,应进一步加强对医务人员手卫生的管理,提高其手卫生依从性。

    10  Survey on hand hygiene compliance at 37 hospitals in Yichang City in 2011
    ZENG Tao XU Baohua SHI Junlin, WEN Wei
    2012, 11(6):425-429.
    [Abstract](964) [HTML](0) [PDF 815.00 Byte](1650)
    Abstract:

    ObjectiveTo investigate the hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers(HCWs) in hospitals in Yichang, and evaluate the approach to improve hand hygiene compliance.MethodsQuestionnaires of hand hygiene compliance were filled out by HCWs at 37 hospitals.ResultsA total of 238 HCWs were surveyed, the overall hand hygiene compliance rate was 32.38%(125/386), and the rates varied significantly with the kinds of the hospitals as below: 46.81% in tertiary, 53.19% in secondary, 23.53% in private, 7.69% in township, and 17.95% in primary, hand hygiene compliance rate was significantly different among all hospitals(P<0.05). Of 6 time points for hand hygiene (before contact with patients, before aseptic procedure, after body fluid exposure, after contact with patients, after contact with environmental surface in the vicinity of patients, and after glove removal), hand hygiene compliance rates before aseptic procedure and after removing gloves were the highest, which was 89.58%(43/48) and 80.49%(33/41) respectively. Nurses’ hand hygiene compliance rate was 54.82%(74/135), which was significantly higher than in the other groups (P<0.01); of all departments, hand hygiene compliance rate of HCWs in obstetrics and gynecology was 83.78%(31/37), which was significantly higher than in the other departments (P<0.01). Of all hospitals, 18.92% equipped with nontouch taps and 43.24% equipped with handdrying facilities. After washing, 39.76% (33/83) HCWs used tissue or handdrying facilities, 13.25%(11/83) dried hands naturally, and 46.99%(39/83) wiped hands with their uniforms. The major factors influencing the hand hygiene compliance were heavy workload (42.86%), insufficient attention (38.24%) and hand hygiene facilities(36.56%).ConclusionThe overall hand hygiene compliance rate in Yichang is low, hand hygiene compliance need to be improved.

    11  Hand hygiene of healthcare workers in outpatient departments
    ZHU Lihui CHEN Xiaoyang,LIU Shihua CHEN Ying,LI Xianbin
    2011, 10(1):63-64.
    [Abstract](1563) [HTML](0) [PDF 857.00 Byte](1827)
    Abstract:

    目的应用简便、省时、有效的手卫生方法,提高门诊医务人员手卫生执行度。方法随机抽取162名门诊医务人员分为2组,一组采用六步洗手法于流动水下洗手,另一组采用卫生手消毒法(速干手消毒凝胶)免水揉搓双手,比较2组手卫生前后手采样细菌数、合格率和手卫生消耗的总时间。结果六步洗手法组与卫生手消毒法组医务人员执行手卫生后,手的菌落总数分别为(2.40±1.28)CFU/cm2、(2.37±1.31)CFU /cm2,均达到手卫生目的(P>0.05),合格率分别为97.50%、93.90%,差异无显著性(P>0.05);采用卫生手消毒法每进行手卫生100次较六步洗手法洗手可平均节省时间(3.60±0.30)h。结论卫生手消毒法可节省手卫生时间,效果好,提高了工作效率,在手部无明显污染时可替代六步洗手法广泛应用于门诊医务人员操作后的手卫生。

    12  Survey on hand hygiene compliance of medical staff in a hospital
    LIU Wei,LI Lujun,LIU Xia,GUO Zhenshan
    2011, 10(2):150-151.
    [Abstract](1564) [HTML](0) [PDF 757.00 Byte](1925)
    Abstract:

    目的调查某院医务人员手卫生的依从性现状。方法采用隐蔽式现场观察的方法,根据《医务人员手卫生规范》,对128名医务人员接触患者前后手卫生的依从性进行调查。结果128名医务人员中,接触患者前后执行手卫生者40人,手卫生依从率31.25%。手卫生依从率最高的科室为重症监护室(53.85%),其次为妇产科(36.36%)、内科(34.62%)、急诊科(25.00%)和外科(20.00%);不同岗位间,手卫生依从率最高的是护士(48.57%),其次为医生(38.71%)、实习护士(20.83%)、实习医生(16.67%)、护工和保洁员(15.38%)。结论该院医务人员手卫生依从性不高,应加强宣教、监督和管理。

    13  Hand hygiene surveillance report of health care workers during diagnosis and treatment in medical institutions in China in 2019
    Xiao-mao WEN Xun HUANG Lan-man ZENG Xiu-wen CHEN Rong ZHAN Qing-lan MENG Wei XIONG Bao-zhen LI Xu FANG Wei-guang LI Fu-qin LI Ding LIU Tie-ying HOU Jia-yu WU Chong-jie PANG Shu-ming XIANYU Huai YANG Li-ping SUN Hao-jun ZHANG Xin-bao YAO Wen-ying HE Yi-hong JIANG Long-min DU Nan REN An-hua WU
    2021(5):389-396. DOI: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20216188
    [Abstract](295) [HTML](1047) [PDF 840.59 K](514)
    Abstract:
    Objective To establish an evaluation system for hand hygiene (HH) surveillance data of heath care workers (HCWs) during diagnosis and treatment. Methods In September 1-30, 2019, information about the implementation of HH of doctors and nurses in general intensive care unit (ICU), departments of respiratory diseases, orthopedics, infectious diseases, pediatric outpatient and emergency, and hemodialysis room was obtained through on-site investigation by HH observers. The workload of surveyed departments, consumption of HH products and actual number of opened beds of medical institutions were investigated, compliance rates of HH and daily consumption of HH products were calculated. Results The examination and verification of HH survey data in 1 480 medical institutions were qualified, HH should be implemented 1 353 531 times, HH were actually implemented 1 076 639 times, implementation of correct HH was 891 185 times, compliance rate of HH was 79.54%, correct HH implementation rate was 82.77%. Compliance rates of HH in different scales of medical institutions were 76.26%-82.84%, which was lowest in those with 600-899 actual opened beds, correct rates of HH were 81.87%-84.01%, which was lowest in those with ≥900 actual opened beds. Compliance rates of HH in surveyed department were 76.80%-84.44%, which was lowest in departments of pediatric outpatient and emergency, correct rates of HH were 81.19%-84.98%, which was lowest in department of orthopedics. HH compliance rates at five HH moments were 67.59%-89.84%, which was lowest after touching patient surroundings, correct rates of HH implementation were 81.51%-86.76%, which was lowest after touching patient surroundings. Consumption of HH products in general ICU, departments of respiratory diseases, orthopedics, and infectious diseases were 56.62, 10.76, 9.50, and 14.54 mL/bed-days respectively, consumption of HH products in department of pediatric outpatient and emergency as well as hemodialysis room was 2.02 and 9.06 mL/person-time respectively. Among different scales of medical institutions, consumption of HH products in general ICU was highest in those with 600-899 opened beds (61.15 mL/bed-days), consumption of HH products in departments of respiratory diseases, orthopedics, and infectious diseases was the highest in those with >900 opened beds(13.61, 10.96, and 16.55 mL/bed-days respectively), consumption of HH products in department of pediatric outpatient as well as emergency and hemodialysis room was highest in those with 300-599 opened beds (2.53, 10.76 mL/bed-days respectively). Conclusion HH compliance rates and daily consumption of HH products in medical institutions of different scales obtained in this survey can be used as a benchmark, which provide a control system for the implementation of HH in medical institutions, so as to promote the continuous improvement of HH in medical institutions in China.
    14  Hand hygiene products and hand hygiene compliance
    SUN Mingjie,JING Nan,LIU Yunhong LI Yi
    2013, 12(5):390-391. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-9638.2013.05.020
    [Abstract](910) [HTML](0) [PDF 756.00 Byte](1446)
    Abstract:

    目的了解某院免费提供手卫生用品和增加手卫生投入,对医务人员手卫生依从性及环境和医务人员手卫生微生物学监测合格率的影响。方法将该院7个病区作为试点科室免费配置手卫生用品,血液科一病区为对照组(不予免费配置手卫生用品),比较试点科室和对照组科室的医生、护士、进修生和实习生的手卫生依从性,以及环境和医务人员手卫生微生物学监测合格率。结果实施手卫生活动后(7月份),试点科室手卫生依从率为93.21%(2 170/2 328),与活动前(4月份)的49.78%(569/1 143)比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=868.952,P<0.001)。7月份,各试点科室物体表面和医务人员手卫生微生物监测整体合格率分别为92.73%(153/165)、99.40%(167/168),较4月份的70.81%(114/161)、72.19%(109/151)显著提高(χ2值分别为26.414、50.519,均P<0.001)。作为对照组的血液科一病区,活动前后医务人员手卫生依从性、环境及医务人员手卫生微生物学检测合格率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论医院免费提供手卫生用品,增加手卫生投入,可提高医务人员手卫生依从性及手卫生合格率。

    15  Surveillance of hand hygiene among medical staff of different posts on blood collecting vehicle    FREE
    MA Hongliang,ZHU Min
    2009, 8(6):432-433.
    [Abstract](1431) [HTML](0) [PDF 688.00 Byte](1638)
    Abstract:

    目的方法结果结论调查流动采血车医务人员手细菌及乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)污染状况。对流动采血车医务人员手消毒后工作状态下未戴手套及戴手套的手指采样,进行细菌培养和乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)检测(酶联免疫吸附试验)。结果显示,未戴手套操作时,采血人员、检验人员、后勤人员、体检人员的手平均菌落数分别为4.20、7.30、8.60、10.50 CFU/cm2,手合格率分别为82.72%、64.17%、52.26%、45.33%;HBsAg阳性检出率分别为0.00%、2.08%、0.00%、0.00%。采血人员和检验人员戴手套操作时手(于手套上采样)平均菌落数分别上升至6.80 CFU/cm2和12.60 CFU/cm2,检验人员手HBsAg污染率上升至9.38%。提示流动采血车医务人员手细菌污染严重,戴手套操作时手消毒不规范增加了微生物污染的危险性。

    16  Health economic benefits of electronic system-based monitoring and manual paper-based monitoring in hand hygiene compliance in high-risk departments
    Nuo CHEN Yan LI Xiao-lin CHENG Wen-bin HE Xiao-yan CHEN Bi-long FENG Ying WANG
    2024, 23(4):494-501. DOI: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20245059
    [Abstract](80) [HTML](305) [PDF 1.00 M](257)
    Abstract:
    Objective To compare the economic benefits of electronic system-based monitoring (ESM) and manual paper-based monitoring (MPM) in hand hygiene (HH) compliance, and provide reference for HH monitoring methods in high-risk clinical departments. Methods Eleven high-risk departments, including pulmonary and critical care medicine, department of trauma and micro-orthopedics, pediatric intensive care unit, department of infectious diseases, department of joint and sports medicine, general ward of pulmonary and critical care medicine, department of neurology, department of neurosurgery, department of radiochemotherapy for esophageal and mediastinal tumor lymphoma, department of radiochemotherapy for head, neck and children's tumor, and department of hematology in a large tertiary first-class hospital were analyzed. A decision tree model was constructed using TreeAge Pro 2022 software to calculate cost-effectiveness, cost-efficiency, Hawthorne effect, and indirect cost-benefit of the cost input and effect output during the implementation period of the two monitoring methods from December 2022 to May 2023. Results The total cost of the ESM method was lower than that of the MPM method (4 868.55 Yuan vs 7 122.12 Yuan), but HH compliance rate of the ESM method was lower than that of the MPM method (61.33% vs 78.79%). The cost-effectiveness ratio of MPM method was higher than that of ESM method (9 039.37 Yuan vs 7 938.28 Yuan), with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 17.46%. The cost-efficiency ratio of MPM method was significantly higher than that of ESM method (72 013.35 Yuan vs 8 813.45 Yuan). The Hawthorne effect of MPM method was higher than that of ESM method (59.45% vs 47.90%). The cost-benefit ratio of MPM method was lower than that of ESM method (2 894.70 Yuan vs 4 765.98 Yuan). When the payment willingness was less than 18 500 Yuan, the ESM method was the better option for cost-effectiveness; When the input exceeded this threshold, the MPM method was the better option for cost-effectiveness. Conclusion For high-risk infection control departments, the ESM method is superior to MPM in cost-effectiveness, cost-efficiency and cost-benefit, but there is no statistically significant difference in the Hawthorne effect between the two methods.
    17  Current status of setting of hand hygiene facilities based on the concept of point-of-care
    Mei-hua HU Xi YAO Yan-chun ZHAO Jian-xia JIA Xiu-li ZHAO Hui-xue JIA Jing-jing QIAN Ran ZHANG Jian-yu LU Bing-li ZHANG Liu-yi LI
    2021(8):716-719. DOI: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20218434
    [Abstract](113) [HTML](246) [PDF 789.25 K](222)
    Abstract:
    Objective To investigate the setting status of hand hygiene (HH) facilities in a tertiary first-class comprehensive teaching hospital based on the concept of point-of-care (POC). Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted on the type, number, location, facility completeness of HH facilities and consumption of alcohol-based hand rub used by health care workers in each diagnosis and treatment section of this hospital. Results 102 sections were surveyed, there were 1 165 diagnosis and treatment rooms, setting rate of HH facilities was 96.48%, completeness rate of hand washing sink was 91.37%, there was significant difference in completeness rate in diffe-rent sections (P < 0.01). 80.53% of alcohol-based hand rub setting complied with the POC concept, 59.51% of alcohol-based hand rub setting in the general wards complied with the POC concept, consumption of hand disinfec-tant was relatively higher in departments with high conformity to POC concept for the setting of alcohol-based hand rub. Conclusion The setting and improvement of HH facilities should strengthen the POC concept to improve HH compliance and prevent the occurrence of healthcare-associated infection.
    18  Efficacy of integrated interventions on improving hand hygiene compliance
    HUI Jinlin,LIU Rui,YANG Xiyao,YANG Liqi
    2013, 12(1):62-63. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-9638.2013.
    [Abstract](930) [HTML](0) [PDF 761.00 Byte](1953)
    Abstract:

    目的探讨通过实施全方位综合干预措施,对增强医务人员手卫生意识和提高手卫生执行率的效果。方法分别于2009年9月和2010年9月对某院进行两次手卫生问卷调查。根据第1次调查结果,针对性采取全方位综合干预措施,对比分析采取手卫生综合干预措施后(第2次调查)手卫生的依从性。结果经过全方位综合干预后,医务人员参加手卫生知识培训率,由2009年的78.87%提高至2010年的94.83%(χ2=41.65,P<0.01);2010年医务人员工作一天洗手4~9次及遵循六步洗手法者所占比率分别为93.30%、76.80%,显著高于2009年的43.36%、44.35%(χ2分别为272.21、80.31,均P<0.01)。2010年手卫生专项检查分数和微生物监测合格率分别为(96.79±3.56)分、95.29%,较2009年的(92.49±4.72)分和69.57%显著提高(分别t=6.65,χ2=16.67;均P<0.01)。结论全方位强化手卫生措施使全院医务人员手卫生知识、手卫生执行率均明显提高。

    19  Bedside video monitoring on hand hygiene compliance of patient care attendants in an intensive care unit before and after intervention
    CHEN Hongbi,CHEN Bin
    2014, 13(5):302-303. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-9638.2014.05.013
    [Abstract](584) [HTML](0) [PDF 750.00 Byte](1239)
    Abstract:

    目的通过调查护工的手卫生现状并分析其影响因素,予以手卫生培训等干预措施,提高护工的手卫生依从性。方法利用床旁视频对某院综合重症监护室(ICU)内10名护工进行手卫生现状调查,医院感染管理兼职护士利用讲课和现场操作等方法对其进行手卫生的行为干预,并比较干预前后的手卫生依从性。结果干预前观察的护工手卫生依从率为28.01%(142/507),干预后提高至63.09%(306/485),差异有统计学意义(χ2=121.79,P<0.001)。结论医院感染管理兼职护士对护工进行行为干预,提高了护工的手卫生意识及手卫生依从性。

    20  Research progress on hand hygiene of clinical health care workers
    MA Wenbo,HAN Jing,LI Weihua
    2009, 8(1):65-68.
    [Abstract](1170) [HTML](0) [PDF 889.00 Byte](1376)
    Abstract:

    随着医疗技术的发展,大量侵入性操作的临床应用以及抗菌药物的广泛使用,医院感染率逐年上升。医护人员做好手卫生是控制医院感染的重要措施,而洗手被认为是非常必要的、最基本的、最简便易行的预防和控制病原体传播的手段之一[1]。正确的洗手可降低手部细菌量尤其是致病菌数量,从而降低通过手传播疾病的可能性,最终达到降低医院感染发生率的目的[2]。本文就近年来医护人员手卫生相关研究综述如下。

    21  Hand hygiene status of health care workers in 26 private dental clinics
    LI-juan XU Ming-jing MA Ping ZHAO Min MA
    2022(11):1130-1134. DOI: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20226360
    [Abstract](112) [HTML](159) [PDF 851.63 K](171)
    Abstract:
    Objective To investigate hand hygiene(HH)status of health care workers (HCWs) in private dental clinics in Shiyan City. Methods From September to November 2019, the convenient sampling method was used to conduct a covert survey on HH status of HCWs in private dental clinics in Shiyan City, compliance rate and accuracy rate of HH of HCWs in different post categories were analyzed and compared. Results A total of 26 private den-tal clinics were investigated, of which only 17 (65.38%) had special hand washing facilities, and 12 (46.15%) had alcohol-based hand rub. 102 HCWs were observed covertly, 2 183 times of effective HH opportunities were observed, HCWs actually performed 572 times of HH, HH compliance rate and accuracy rate were 26.20% and 25.52% (146 times) respectively. There were significant differences in HH compliance rate and accuracy rate among HCWs in different posts (all P < 0.001). HH compliance rate (30.80%) and accuracy rate (31.85%) of nurses were higher than HCWs in other posts. HH compliance rate (76.24%) and accuracy rate (40.26%) of HCWs after contacting patients' body fluids were higher than those at other times, HH compliance rate before and after contacting patients was the lowest, only 15.38% and 24.72% respectively. Compliance rate and accuracy rate of HCWs at different HH opportunities were statistically significant (all P < 0.001). Conclusion Compliance rate and accuracy rate of HH of HCWs in private dental clinics are low, and it is urgent for relevant departments to strengthen the management of HH in private dental clinics.
    22  Evaluation of hand hygiene in the prevention of ventilatorassociated pneumonia in neonates
    WU Xianglan,CHEN Zhaohong,ZHANG Yinlan
    2009, 8(1):18-20.
    [Abstract](1683) [HTML](0) [PDF 800.00 Byte](1544)
    Abstract:

    ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of hand hygiene in the prevention of ventilatorassociated pneumonia (VAP) in neonates. MethodsBy combination of retrospective and prospective methods, the occurrence of VAP of neonates in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) was compared before and after the improvement of hand hygiene between 2004—2007. ResultsWhen the other conditions were not changed, the incidence of VAP reduced obviously from 30.00% (2004—2005) to 18.18%(2006—2007) after improving the hand washing method and facilities, there was significant difference between the two(χ2=9.44, P<0.01).ConclusionHand hygiene is an important process to prevent VAP, one of the key measures to reduce the occurrence of VAP are perfect hand washing methods and facilities and the compliance of health care workers.

    23  Hand hygiene of pharmacy intravenous admixture nurses
    LIU Suqiu,ZHAO Minyi,SU Youju
    2010, 9(5):378-379.
    [Abstract](1929) [HTML](0) [PDF 750.00 Byte](1918)
    Abstract:

    目的了解某病区静脉药物配制护士手卫生状况,加强输液环节的医院感染管理。方法对医院Ⅲ类环境中44名静脉药物配制护士的手进行随机采样检测。结果44份样本中, 27份检出细菌,其中9份样本细菌数超标。检出细菌居前4位的是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、微球菌属、真菌、不动杆菌属,分别占46.15%、28.21%、7.69%、7.69%。结论该病区静脉药物配制护士手卫生状况较差,有必要加强病区配药护士的手卫生监管。

    24  Hand hygiene intervention measures and the assessment of effect after intervention    FREE
    LI Hui,GAO Xiaoling,ZHONG Qiao,WANG Chenhong,LIN Chunyan LI Hui
    2009, 8(6):426-429.
    [Abstract](2083) [HTML](0) [PDF 785.00 Byte](1855)
    Abstract:

    目的方法结果结论为有效提高医务人员手卫生的依从性,降低医院感染率。某院于2008年8月—2009年6月,采取了一系列手卫生干预促进措施:全员手卫生知识培训、ISO9001质量体系文件管理、洗手前后手部细菌连续监测对照、统计各科洗手液使用情况、制作洗手宣传图片等。经干预后,医务人员在接触患者前后的洗手率(均为95.05%)、手卫生监测合格率(98.10%)等均高于干预前(分别为75.10%、90.00%、73.06% ),两两比较,差异均有高度显著性(均P<0.01)。提示采取积极有效的手卫生促进策略,能有效提高医务人员手卫生的依从性。

    25  Application of PDCA cycle in improving the effect of hand hygiene compliance on healthcare-associated infection
    Hou-rong LIU Zhi-cheng DU Wen YANG
    2021(8):748-753. DOI: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20218433
    [Abstract](173) [HTML](287) [PDF 884.17 K](356)
    Abstract:
    Objective To explore the effect of application of plan-do-check-action (PDCA) cycle on improving health care workers' (HCWs) compliance to hand hygiene(HH) as well as the influence on incidence of healthcare-associated infection(HAI) in patients. Methods HH questionnaire was designed and used to survey HCWs in a tertiary hospital in December 2014, bundle intervention measures were formulated according to the survey results and routine supervision problems, measures were implemented by PDCA cycle management mode from January 2015. January 2015 to December 2020 was as a post-intervention period, HH-related indicators and incidence of HAI between January-December 2014 and post-intervention period were compared. Results In December 2014, 2 513 questionnaires were distributed and 1 806 were effectively recovered, 507 doctors (28.07%) and 1 185 nurses (65.61%) were surveyed. After the continuous improvement with PDCA cycle, facility completeness rate, compliance rate, correct rate and awareness rate of HH in 2020 were 99.36%, 86.87%, 86.55% and 96.24% respectively, which were higher than 41.19%, 49.90%, 13.46% and 62.65% respectively in 2014, difference were all significant (all P < 0.001). From 2014 to 2020, HH compliance rate (β=6.248, P < 0.001), bed-day consumption of alcohol-based hand rub + hand sanitizer (β=1.182, P=0.013) and paper towel(β=0.508, P < 0.001) increased year by year, case incidence of HAI (β=-0.326, P < 0.001) decreased year by year, HH compliance rate, bed-day consumption of salcohol-based hand rub + hand sanitizer and paper towel were negatively correlated with incidence of HAI (r=-0.977, -0.793, -0.951), difference were all significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Application of continuous PDCA cycle to implement bundle intervention measures can effectively improve the compliance of HH and reduce the incidence of HAI.